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Main - - Culture Value Orientations of Students   Value Orientations of Students: Based on Materials of Comparative Concrete and Sociological Research G. Gribov, I. Gribova The problem of investigation of the value consciousness of the younger generation – is an urgent problem not losing its topicality at any stage of socio-economic development of a society. Values have always been and still remain the core of the consciousness of a person; they define needs and interests which are implemented then in practical actions and deeds of a person. In terms of today's Belarus the study of the world of values is particularly important. This is due to the following reasons. Firstly, our country has experienced the painful process of transformation of the society, as the result of which there was a reassessment of Soviet and socialist ideals. Secondly, the process of radical change of old economic, political and ideological foundations of the state coincided with the formation of an independent national Belarusian state. Thirdly, the above mentioned changes take place against the backdrop of intensified process of globalization and the impact of Western examples and standards on the spiritual world of our people, from which the Soviet people were virtually isolated during the time of the USSR. Today we need to state that the first post-socialist younger generation, whose whole life has passed in the time of rapid, radical social changes, has already grown up. In this regard, it is obvious that study of the value orientations of this new generation is a very serious scientific problem, which is of practical importance for the formation of youth policy, for the sphere of education and upbringing. In terms of our study the following specific tasks were stated. 1. To study the value orientations of university students of the city of Brest, determine the structure and hierarchy (ranking) of their basic values (values-meanings). 2. To determine the structure and hierarchy of the instrumental values (values-means) of Brest students. 3. To investigate the structure and preferences of spending leisure time by students. 4. To find out what place the active forms of recreation and traveling occupy in the lifestyles of students of Brest. 5. To compare the values and structure of leisure of students from Brest and students of foreign partner-universities: Politechnika Bialostocka (Poland), Ravensburg-Weingarten Gohshule, Gohshule Biberach (Germany). To solve the defined problems in 2010 the following series of specific sociological studies was held. 215 respondents (students of technical and humanitarian disciplines), 44.4% - female, 55.6% – male; those under 20 – 47.2%, between 21-25 years old – 52.3%, were interviewed at BrSTU, and BrSU named after A.Pushkin. 100 students of Department of Management, female – 52.6%, male – 47.4%, under the age of 20 years –19%, between 21-25 years old – 81%, were surveyed at Politechnika Bialostocka. 185 students of technical and economic disciplines, of which 61% – female, 39% – male, aged under 20 – 8.1%, between 21-25 years – 65.9%, aged over 25 – 25.9 %, were surveyed at Gohshule Ravensburg-Weingarten, and Gohshule Biberach. The method of questioning was used, the questions were closed, the quantitative processing of questionnaires was computer-aided. To study the basic values the investigated students were asked: “What importance do you attach to the following factors in your life?” Table 1 – the Belarusians, % Very important Important Not very important Absolutely not important Health 87.96 10.19 1.85 0 Family, children 78.70 18.52 2.31 0.46 Friendship 66.20 31.48 2.31 0 Love 65.74 28.70 5.09 0.46 The opportunity to consume organic food and breathe clean air 53.24 38.43 6.48 1.85 Personal freedom 48.15 47.69 3.70 0.46 The opportunity to realize own abilities, and talents 43.06 49.07 6.94 0.93 Respect for others 42.59 50.93 5.56 0.93 Peace of mind 41.67 47.69 8.80 1.85 Comfortable housing 38.89 56.48 4.17 0.46 Law in the state 37.04 49.54 9.72 3.70 Good education 36.57 59.72 3.70 0 Communication with interesting people 36.57 54.63 8.80 0 Career 36.11 59.26 4.17 0.46 Money, material prosperity 32.41 63.43 4.17 0 Sex 31.94 53.24 13.89 0.93 Private property 26.85 55.56 17.13 0.46 Guarantee of human rights 25.93 59.72 13.43 0.93 Happy, full of entertainments life 25 53.70 20.37 0.93 Sovereignty of my state 24.54 48.15 24.54 2.78 Comfortable and beautiful cloths 18.06 51.85 27.78 2.31 Democracy in the state 13.89 53.24 27.31 5.56 Religion 12.96 37.96 36.57 12.5 Art 9.72 43.06 38.89 8.33 National culture 7.41 40.74 43.52 8.33 The content of Table 1 provides a basis for the following generalizations and conclusions. 1. The world of values of our students is quite diverse, and we can not say that the number of their life priorities is limited. The number of factors that were assessed as “very important” by the majority of respondents (from 53% to 88%) – is five, it's health, family, friendship, love and the ability to consume organic products. If we sum up the answers “very important” and “important”, it appears that the majority of students (52% and more) give such a degree of assessment to almost all the factors suggested in the questionnaire. 2. The top ten priority values, besides the five already mentioned, include personal freedom, the ability of self-fulfillment, respect for others, peace of mind and comfortable housing. 3. The mid-ranking is made up of law in the state, good education, communication with interesting people, career, money, sex, private property, guarantee of human rights, happy life (the answer “very important” was given by 25% to 37% respondents). The “tail” of the hierarchy is composed of sovereignty, comfortable clothing, democracy, religion and art. And national culture, unfortunately, closes the list (“very important” – 7.4%, “important” – 40.7%). 4. The questioning revealed that the wealth does not outweigh the vital, moral ones, and that even a necessary condition for a normal person's life as “comfortable housing”, as it turns out, is no more important than personal freedom and respect for others. But we must admit that between the three evaluated material factors (housing, money, and clothing) - the need for housing is the most pressing for young people. 5. The study revealed that the political and legal values, in comparison with other ones, are not the first-priority. The location of these values in descending order of their status is significant: Table 2 – the Belarusians, % Very important Important Law in the state 37.04 48.54 Guarantee of human rights 25.90 59.70 Sovereignty of my state 24.50 48.10 Democracy in the state 13.90 53.20 The next question had the purpose to determine the ranking of values-means (instrumental values) that help to achieve the basic ones: “How important are the following factors (material prosperity, career, social status), in your opinion, to succeed in life?" Table 3 – the Belarusians, % Very important important Not very important Absolutely not important Initiative, persistence 62.04 33.33 4.17 0.46 Personal qualifications 60.19 37.5 2.31 0 Good education 51.85 41.67 6.48 0 Sociability 49.07 45.83 5.09 0 Luck, fortune 46.30 36.57 12.5 4.63 Will, vitality 45.37 47.22 6.02 1.39 Personal connections 43.52 48.61 7.87 0 Work at yourself, self-perfection 41.67 50 6.94 1.39 Honesty, decency 39.81 37.04 18.06 5.09 Personal charisma 31.48 53.70 13.89 0.93 Knowledge of foreign languages 30.56 45.37 18.98 5.09 Refinement 26.85 55.56 14.35 3.24 Fortunate marriage 25.93 31.48 31.94 10.65 Help of relatives 24.07 55.56 17.59 2.78 Ambitions 22.22 53.24 19.44 5.09 Protection of influential people 20.83 41.20 32.87 5.09 State support 11.57 50 31.48 6.94 Belief in God 10.19 37.04 29.63 23.15 The responses indicated that the top three factors (the answer “very important” was given by more than half of the respondents) included initiative, persistence, personal qualifications and good education. The modern young man trying to succeed in life relies, above all, on his own strengths and abilities. External circumstances (help of relatives, patronage of influential people) are taken into account, but as concomitant, rather than basic ones. And they rely to a minimum degree on state support, which in the opinion of students is comparable to belief in God. Students believe that sociability, interpersonal skills, which enable contact, meetings, play an important role, and may contribute to the realization of personal interests. It should be recognized that along with sensible opinions of students about how to achieve success in life there is a naive belief in luck, fortune (the answer “very important” - 46.3% “important” - 36.6% of respondents), which outweighed the knowledge of foreign languages, etc. We emphasize that good education as mean has a higher status than any basic value. For visual aid, we present the following table. Table 4 – the Belarusians, the answer “very important”, % As basic value As instrumental value Good education 36.6 51.8 Occupying the 12th place as a basic value, education became one of the top three factors important to achieve success in life. For the modern young man knowledge, education alone is not as important, they are only the way to meet some needs, realize interests, achieve personal goals. Let us consider in more detail the motivation of our respondents to enter higher education institutions. Table 5- the Belarusians, % Very important Important Not very important Absolutely not important Higher education gives a good perspective in life 49.0 43.0 8.0 0 To acquire a good profession 44.0 42.0 7.0 6.0 In order to increase the level of own progress 42.0 43.0 12.0 3.0 Higher education provides an opportunity to earn good money 27.0 56.0 14.0 2.0 The diploma provides an opportunity to make a career 25.0 55.0 19.0 1.0 To find new friends 23.0 40.0 26.0 11.0 I like students’ life 17.0 45.0 27.0 10.0 My parents insisted on that 11.0 18.0 39.0 31.0 For the sake of prestige 8.0 20.0 49.0 22.0 In order to not live with parents 8.0 8.0 26.0 58.0 In order to change the place of residence 7.0 7.0 31.0 54.0 In order to find a life-partner 2.0 16.0 33.0 43.0 As it can be seen from the Table 5, pragmatic considerations are the priorities, though the romance of students’ life, the possibility of communication among young people are also driving forces for entering university. How do students from Brest spend their free time? Table 6 – the Belarusians, % Often Sometimes Very seldom With friends 74.54 20.37 5.09 Listen to the music 72.0 14.0 10.0 Work with a computer 66.20 28.70 5.09 With the family 45.83 42.13 12.04 Help my parents to take care of the household 42.13 50.46 7.41 Spend time in the open air 36.11 51.85 12.04 Do sports 29.17 53.24 17.59 Go to cafes, restaurants 28.70 51.85 19.44 Go to the cinema, theatres 23.15 58.80 18.06 Watch TV 23.15 45.83 31.02 Read books 20.83 38.43 40.74 Make some money 12.96 40.74 46.30 Participate in social organizations, clubs, movements 6.02 25.46 68.52 Play a musical instrument 5.56 19.44 75 Travel 3.24 56.48 40.28 Thus, the most common forms of leisure – are spending time with friends, music, working with a computer, a rest with the family and helping parents to take care of the household. A small number of Brest students engage in public activities, play some musical instrument and travel. Our studies, carried out in Brest 10-15 years ago, showed that before our students went to cafes and restaurants more rarely, they read more, and the biggest part of leisure time spent watching television programs. Now the computer essentially “pushed” TV and became one of the top three most popular ways of spending leisure time. Our students, though not very often, but travel, and it is interesting to know which way they prefer. Table 7 – Belarusian students, % Often Sometimes Very seldom Never Travel on foot 42.59 26.85 14.81 15.74 Travel by car 37.96 33.33 17.59 11.11 Travel by bike 5.56 16.67 42.59 35.19 Travel in a boat 0.46 6.94 22.69 69.91 The responses indicate that the pedestrian and automobile tourism are the most common. Biking, water tours are rare, and this fact indicates that the active tourism is badly spread among our students. However, the previous table points out that 29.2% of respondents are often involved in sports, sometimes it is more than half of young people. Consequently, they have certain healthy physical exercises. Respondents answered the question: “Who do you prefer to travel with?” Table 8 – the Belarusians, % Often Sometimes Very seldom Never With friends 72.22 22.69 5.09 0 With a family 39.35 39.35 16.20 5.09 In a tourist group 12.04 31.94 28.70 27.31 Alone 6.48 20.83 27.78 44.91 The answers confirm the high value status of friendship and a family, which was ascertained before. Our study showed that 6.34% of the respondents frequently travel abroad, sometimes – 34.3%. These figures show that over forty percent of Brest students use the opportunity to visit foreign countries, have their own personal impressions about life in other countries and can compare it with our Belarusian reality. More information about the value orientations of students is given in the answers to the question: “What is important and interesting for you in traveling abroad?” Table 9 – the Belarusians, % Very important Important Not very important Absolutely not important Personal security 60.19 30.56 7.87 1.39 Nature 38.43 50 10.19 1.39 Architecture 37.96 47.69 11.57 2.78 Local cuisine 37.5 49.1 10.3 3.1 Good service 35.19 50.93 11.11 2.78 Shops 27.31 43.98 24.07 4.63 Souvenirs 17.59 45.83 26.39 10.19 Communication with the local people 17.13 46.30 29.17 7.41 Museums 14.35 46.76 31.94 6.94 National customs 12.5 33.33 44.44 9.72 Music 10.19 26.39 48.61 14.81 Theatre 5.56 24.07 53.70 16.67 Folklore 4.17 15.28 62.5 18.06 The answers indicate that of the highest interest in traveling abroad is nature, which confirms the high status of environmental values; the architecture, the interest to which speaks of the aesthetic needs of our youth. It is quite natural that the young people will visit the country if they are confident in their safety, hoping for good service and non-traditional food. As one of the objectives of the study is to compare the ideas about values of students from Belarus, Poland and Germany, let’s compare the answers of respondents from these countries. Тable 10 – the answer “very important”, % (basic values) The Belarusians The Poles The Germans Health 88.0 75.8 80.0 Family, children 78.7 63.2 54.6 Friendship 66.2 63.2 77.3 Love 65.7 64.2 70.3 The possibility to consume organic food and to breathe clean air 53.2 11.6 46.0 Personal freedom 48.2 52.6 64.9 The opportunity to realize one’s own abilities and talents 43.1 46.3 54.1 Respect for others 42.6 45.3 34.6 Peace of mind 41.7 32.6 63.8 Comfortable house 38.9 28.4 20.5 Law in the state 37.0 13.7 44.9 Good education 36.6 26.3 69.2 Communication with interesting people 36.6 35.8 43.8 Career 36.1 34.7 19.5 Money, material prosperity 32.4 33.7 24.3 Sex 31.9 32.6 42.2 Private property 26.9 42.1 33.5 Guarantee of the human rights 25.9 46.3 73.5 Happy, full of entertainments life 25.0 14.7 46.0 Sovereignty of the state 24.5 46.3 37.8 Comfortable and beautiful clothes 18.1 10.5 8.7 Democracy in the state 13.9 33.7 56.2 Religion 13.0 27.4 18.9 Art 9.7 8.4 21.1 National culture 7.4 17.9 17.8 The comparison of the ideas of students of three countries shows that, mainly, their value consciousness is identical. Leading factors for the Belarusians, the Poles, and the Germans are health, friendship and love. The outsiders are the same – religion, art, national culture have the lowest value for all the students. Nevertheless, there are differences in values among the Belarusians, the Poles and the Germans, which are the following. 1. Students-Slavs (the Belarusians, the Poles) estimate family above all, despite the fact that their average age is lower in comparison with the German students. 2. There is a clear regularity in increasing of political-legal factors when moving from East to West. See the table below. Table 11 – the answer “very important”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Personal freedom 48.2 62.6 64.9 Guarantee of the human rights 25.9 46.3 73.5 Democracy in the state 13.9 33.7 56.2 3. The German youth estimates the peace of mind, psychological comfort much higher, and that is not typical for the Slavic mentality. 4. The Belarusians are obvious leaders in the block of property values which are more essential for them; and the following table shows it Table 12 – the answer “very important”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Comfortable house 38.9 28.4 20.5 Money, material prosperity 32.4 33.7 24.3 Comfortable and beautiful clothes 18.1 10.5 8.7 These responses destroy the myth that there is a cult of consumption in the West, on the contrary, this cult is gradually forming in our country, but in the developed European countries a large portion of society has already had that disease, and they are actively forming the so-called post-materialist values. 5. Our Western neighbors (especially the Germans) evaluate good education much higher. 6. Career is least important for the Germans, but they are more concerned on hedonistic values (sex, life full of fun and joy). 7. Religion is at the “tail” of rating for all the respondents and, even where it was actively fought with during a long time (Belarus), and where no one did that (Poland, Germany). The highest status of religious values belongs to the Polish. To compare the status of instrumental values we use the following table which gives information of factors which are important for the respondents to succeed in life. Table 13 – the answer “very important”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Initiative, persistence 62.0 49.5 49.7 Personal qualifications 60.2 66.3 34.1 Good education 51.9 51.9 63.2 Sociability 49.1 31.6 15.2 Luck, fortune 46.3 48.4 31.2 Will, vitality 45.4 17.9 34.6 Advantageous connections 43.5 48.4 33.5 Self-perfection 41.7 57.9 28.1 Honesty, integrity 39.8 43.2 41.1 Charisma 31.5 34.7 28.1 Knowledge of foreign languages 30.6 67.4 21.6 Refinement 26.9 17.9 31.4 Satisfactory marriage 25.9 42.1 20.0 Help of relatives 24.1 27.4 31.4 Ambition 22.2 64.2 56.8 Protection of influential people 20.8 30.5 23.8 State support 11.6 12.6 10.8 Belief in God 10.2 21.1 12.4 The main similarity of views on means to achieve success in life, revealed in the surveyed students, is that they hope, first of all, on their own strengths and abilities, not excluding the additional influence of external factors. What's the difference in? 1. Slavic students (the Belarusians, the Polish) give great importance to commutability, sociability and profitable acquaintances, when the Germans – to education. The first ones are more likely to believe in fortune. 2. The Germans, to a lesser extent, rely on personal qualification, self-cultivation, fortunate marriage. 3. The Polish more than the Germans and the Belarusians rely on belief in God, fortunate marriage and knowledge of foreign languages. The big role of the last factor is quite understandable, because the Polish youth is integrated into the European Community and has the ability to learn and work within it. 4. The Belarusians are considerably less ambitious than their Polish and German peers. Compare the motivation for higher education of students form three countries. Table 14, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Higher education gives good prospects 49.0 58.2 49.3 To acquire a good qualification 44.0 37.8 62.7 In order to increase the level of their own progress 42.0 39.8 39.6 Higher education provides an opportunity to earn good money 27.0 30.6 41.0 The diploma provides an opportunity to make a career 25.0 28.2 38.1 To find new friends 23.0 12.6 6.7 I like students’ life 17.0 25.2 35.8 My parents insisted on that 11.0 9.2 1.5 For the sake of prestige 8.0 10.2 2.2 In order not to live with parents 8.0 7.3 8.2 In order to change the place of residence 7.0 3.9 3.7 In order to find a life-partner 2.0 8.2 0.7 Comparison of motivations for higher education shows the following. 1. The German students are more focused on a particular special training, they are increasingly convinced that education will enable them to earn more and to make a career. 2. There are less people among the Belarusians than among the Germans and the Polish who like the student life, and there are more people who came to study under the influence of their parents. 3. The Belarusians and Polish students have a higher status of students’ friendship, which is formed during the period of studying at an educational institution. Comparison of the structure of leisure activities of our respondents. Тable 15 – the answer “often”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans With friends 74.6 77.9 76.2 Listen to the music 81.1 63.2 Work on the computer 66.2 80.0 61.1 In the family 45.8 59.0 40.5 Help my parents about the house 42.1 59.0 24.9 Spend time at nature 36.1 56.8 30.0 Do sports 29.2 45.3 46.5 Go to cafes, restaurants 28.7 43.2 27.6 Go to the cinema, theatres 23.2 25.3 10.3 Watch TV 23.2 39.0 24.9 Read books 20.8 34.7 21.1 Work up 13.0 25.3 35.1 Participate in community organizations, clubs, movements 6.0 14.7 26.0 Play musical instruments 5.6 8.4 18.9 Travel 3.2 32.6 11.9 What does the comparison of responses tell about? 1. Most of their free time students spend in the same way (music, friends, computer, family). 2. The Belarusians and the Polish often help their parents about the house. 3. The Belarusians less than the Polish and the Germans work part time to supplement their budget, but they visit restaurants and cafes as often as the Germans do. 4. The Polish more often than the Germans and the Belarusians read fiction, spend time in the open air, go to the restaurants and cafes, watch television and travel. The main reason for leading position of the Polish in traveling can be explained by their relatively recent accession to the EU, which opened the borders of many countries. 5. The Polish and the Germans are more than the Belarusians involved in sports, and they are more active in political activities. 6. The number of German students playing any musical instrument is twice as much as the Polish, and three times as much as that of the Belarusians. Comparison of the degree of involvement of our respondents into the active ways of traveling. Table 16 – the answer “often”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Travel by foot 42.6 67.4 17.3 Travel by car 38.0 65.3 30.8 Travel by bike 5.6 16.8 19.5 Travel in a boat 0.5 5.3 3.2 Thus, the Polish and the Belarusians travel more by foot or by car, when the German students tend to more active cycling and boating. The questionnaire also revealed that the frequency of traveling abroad is increasing from East to West (the Belarusians - 7.0%, the Polish - 15.8%, the Germans - 26.5%). With whom the surveyed students prefer to travel? Table 17 – the answer “often”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans With friends 72.2 83.2 61.1 With family 39.4 42.1 24.9 In a tourist group 12.0 12.6 6.5 Along 6.5 11.6 17.3 Responses from Table 17 confirm the value of friendship and family, identified in previous tables. They also show a higher level of personal individualism, which is common for the Polish, and particularly for the German students. According to our data, 42.7% of German young people will never agree to travel alone, and this means that most students consider such single tours a normal and acceptable way of rest. The answers to the question “What is important and interesting for you in an abroad trip?”can help to compare of university students’ value orientations of the three countries Table 18 – the answer “very important”, % The Belarusians The Polish The Germans Personal security 60.2 73.7 51.4 Nature 38.4 34.7 42.7 Architecture 38.0 32.6 8.7 Local cuisine 37.5 27.4 36.8 Good service 35.2 41.1 21.6 Shops 27.3 27.4 8.7 Souvenirs 17.6 7.4 4.3 Communication with locals 17.1 25.3 26.5 Museums 14.4 10.6 8.7 National customs 12.5 17.9 15.7 Music 10.2 21.1 8.7 Theatre 5.6 5.3 4.3 Folklore 4.2 8.4 4.3 According to the responses, for the Belarusians and the Polish architectural values, good service, the ability to purchase goods and souvenirs in shops are more important in the country they visit. When it comes to the Germans, they are more interested in nature and the culinary delights of national cuisine. The Polish and the Germans, in comparison with the Belarusians, are more focused on communication with the local population. Results of the study give the reasons for the following conclusions and generalizations: 1. Values of university students of Brest are quite diverse, not one-sided. It is a fairly harmonious combination of physical, moral, political, legal and cultural factors. The view that the present generation, whose outlook was formed out of the Soviet influence, party, ideological institutions, is lost– does not correspond to reality. Moral core of consciousness of this generation has not lost its significance. For a better balance of Brest student’ value orientations it is necessary to foster their political and legal consciousness, and, especially, the meaning of national and cultural values in life, which rating is not high still. 2. The disturbing fact is that the evaluative status of education and knowledge became lower. Higher education is regarded more as a way to make a career and achieve material prosperity. It can be affirmed that many young people go to the university not to acquire knowledge, but to get diploma, which gives a formal right to apply for a more prestigious job, position and salary. Studies conducted in the USSR time showed that the desire of a young person to improve his social status, to become a member of the intelligentsia wasn’t the last motive for the entering higher educational institution. Romance of a students’ life seemed to have a kind of a magnetic force. The first post-Soviet generation thinks in a different way. The motive became pragmatic, and it should not be considered abnormal if students enter the high school for knowledge rather than document. 3. A modern student hopes to achieve his life plans, goals, relying on his own strengths, but we must remember that the hope for support from the state also exists. For every tenth young person it is important, and it is essential for every second one. 4. A modern student spends a considerable part of his time at the computer, uses the Internet. It is the way of receiving information (rather than television, radio, newspapers) that becomes the most important for him. It means that young people get the information, perceive the estimates and opinions from various sources, not only from the official Belarusian media. A significant part of young people go abroad, and their outlook, values and ideals are not formed in isolation from the rest of the world. 5. The number of students involved in active forms of recreation, tourism, for example, is insufficient. The introduction of a healthy lifestyle, its promotion are still an unsolved problem. 6. Our Belarusian (Brest) students according to their attitudes and values are very close to the western neighbors. And this is despite the fact that Poland and Germany are the states with their own history, culture and socio-political structure, which are very different from the conditions of Belarus. In the context of globalization, development of the information society, the significant socio-cultural differences between peoples become obliterated, and firstly it occurs in youth environment. LIST OF REFERENCES 1 Z. Abasov. Innovation in Education and Teacher Training // «Alma Mater». М. – 2001. — № 4. 2 L. Oleinik. Art Philosophy // LiM. – 2008. – 8 February (№6). – P. 6. 3 G.Gribov, S.Lapina, T.Smolikova. Students youth of Belarus in the world of modern culture. Series “My world”. Brest, 2004. 98 p. 4 G. Dadamyan. The contemporary cultural situation and problems of its sociological study // The questions of social functioning of artistic culture. М.: Scince, 1984. P.5. 5 V. 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